Chapter 4 - The Study of chemical reactions. In this chapter, students will be able to: Propose mechanisms and explain the steps for simple reactions such as free-radical halogenation; draw a reaction-energy diagram, and use it to identify the factors controlling the thermodynamics and kinetics of a reaction; use the mechanism, thermodynamics, and kinetics of a reaction to predict which of several possible products is the major product;...

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Chapter 3 - Structure and stereochemistryof alkanes. In this chapter you will learn: Draw and name the isomers of alkanes, and explain the trends in their physical properties; draw alkane conformations, compare their energies, and predict the most stable conformations; draw and name the isomers of cycloalkanes, and explain ring strain; draw the conformations of cycloalkanes, compare their energies, and predict the most stable conformations.

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Chapter 17 - Reactions of aromatic compounds. In this chapter, we will study several of these reactions and then consider how substituents on the ring influence its reactivity toward electrophilic aromatic substitution and the regiochemistry seen in the products. We will also study other reactions of aromatic compounds, including nucleophilic aromatic substitution, addition reactions, reactions of side chains, and special reactions of phenols.

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Chapter 6 - Alkyl Halides: Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination. In this chapter, we consider the properties and reactions of alkyl halides. After studying this chapter you will be able to: Name alkyl halides, explain their physical properties, and describe their common uses; predict the products of substitution and elimination reactions, and explain what factors favor each type of reaction;...

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Chapter 8 - Reactions of Alkenes. This chapter include objectives: Explain why electrophilic additions are among the most common reactions of alkenes; Predict the products of the reactions of alkenes, including the orientation of the reaction (regiochemistry) and the stereochemistry; propose mechanisms to explain the observed products of alkene reactions; use retrosynthetic analysis to solve multistep synthesis problems with alkenes as...

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Amines are organic derivatives of ammonia with one or more alkyl or aryl groups bonded to the nitrogen atom. As a class, amines include some of the most important biological compounds. Amines serve many functions in living organisms, such as bioregulation, neurotransmission, and defense against predators. This chapter draw and name amines, and use spectral information to determine their structures; compare the basicity of amines with other...

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Alcohols are synthesized by a wide variety of methods, and the hydroxyl group may be converted to most other functional groups. For these reasons, alcohols are versatile synthetic intermediates. In this chapter, we discuss the physical properties of alcohols and summarize the methods used to synthesize them.

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Chapter 9 introduce to Alkynes. In this chapter, students will be able to: Draw and name alkynes, cycloalkynes, and their derivatives; show how to synthesize alkynes by eliminations from alkyl halides and by the additions and substitutions of acetylide ions; predict the products of the reactions of alkynes, including the orientation of the reaction (regiochemistry) and the stereochemistry;...

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Chapter 15 - Conjugated systems, orbital symmetry, and ultraviolet spectroscopy. In this chapter, we consider the unique properties of conjugated systems, the theoretical reasons for this extra stability, and some of the characteristic reactions of molecules containing conjugated double bonds. We also study ultraviolet spectroscopy, a tool for determining the structures of conjugated systems.

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Chapter 11 - Reactions of Alcohols. Alcohols are important organic compounds because the hydroxyl group is easily converted to almost any other functional group. In Chapter 10, we studied reactions that form alcohols. In this chapter, we seek to understand how alcohols react and which reagents are best for converting them to other kinds of compounds.

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Chapter 12 - Infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. This chapter identify the reliable characteristic absorptions in an infrared spectrum, and propose which functional groups are likely to be present in the molecule; explain which functional groups cannot be present in a molecule because their characteristic peaks are absent from the IR spectrum; use a mass spectrum to determine a compound’s molecular weight, and propose which elements...

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Chapter 13 - Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In this chapter, students will be able to understand: Use the chemical shifts, splitting patterns, and integrations shown in a proton NMR spectrum to propose structures for possible compounds; use the number of peaks and their chemical shifts in a 13C NMR spectrum to determine the number of types of carbon atoms in the compound and what functional groups they might represent;...

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